Hoel & Colleagues (2001)
Total cost of work-related stress = sick absence + early retirement + staff turnover costs + grievance and labour legal costs + damage to equipment/production due to accidents or errors of concentration + increased premiums for workers compensation + reduced performance + loss of reputation and customer dissatisfaction + brand damage + poor investor relations
Worldwide estimates of the causes of absenteeism estimate that between 30% and 60% of all absence is stress related.
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